Part B:

A single-use plan applies only to a specific situation, and each such situation calls for a new plan. Single-use plans include programs, projects and budgets. A program specifies, for the accomplishment of a goal, what steps are required, in what order, and who is responsible for each step.

More limited in scope is the project, which may be part of a program. Projects and programs may be either short or long in duration.

A budget is a financial plan for future allocation of resources and is typically included in a strategic plan. Some firms employ a budgeting cycle with procedures and duration specified for each stage of the cycle.
A much-discussed but little-used technique is zero-base budgeting, an alternative to the traditional incremental budgeting.
Under incremental budgeting, each program is budgeting according to its previous budget and some incremental change.

In zero-base budgeting, activities are grouped into decision packages which compete for available resources. Since this technique is time-consuming and difficult to employ, some firms use a modified version.

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