Part B:

The behavioral approach is usually considered to have had its beginnings in the Hawthorne studies conducted by Elton Mayo and his colleagues.

However, significant contributions were also made by Mary Parker Follett with her principles of coordination, Chester Barnard with his revolutionary ideas on the origin of authority, and Hugo Munsterberg, the father of industrial psychology.

The contingency approach to management is based on the view of an organization as a system of interacting subsystems, basic to this view is the concept of the organization as an open system which influences and responds to its environment.

The Organizational Cycles Model, based on the contingency approach, emphasizes the goals of the organization and the cycle through which the organization moves as its goals shift.

This cycle includes three phases: creative/entrepreneurial, maintenance, and creative.

The contingency view has led to the concept of situational leadership, the notion that different organizational and environmental conditions call for different styles of management.

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